Active human herpesvirus infections in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus and correlation with the SLEDAI score

Abstract Background: Human herpesviruses (HHVs) are responsible for a significant number of clinical manifestations in systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) patients. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of active HHV infections in SLE patients and correlating them with disease activity. Methods: Serum samples were collected from 71 SLE patients and their DNAs were extracted and analyzed to detect HHV-DNA viruses using the nucleic acid amplification technique. Results: Fifteen out of the 71 (21.1%) patients tested positive for the HHV-DNA virus. Of them, 11/15 HHV-DNA-positive patients (73.3%) had SLE activity index (SLEDAI - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index) ≥8 (p = 0.0001). Active HCMV infection was the mostly frequently observed infection, occurring in 6/15 patients (40%). The frequencies of other active viral infections were 22% for HSV-1, 16.7% for HHV-7, and 5.5% for HSV-2. Viral coinfection (two or more viruses detected in the same sample) occurred in three patients (16.7%). Active HHV infections in SLE patients are more frequent in those with active SLE (≥8), who is at high risk of HHV reactivation and HCMV disease. Conclusion: Viral surveillance is important to identify active HHV infections that can cause clinical symptoms and other complication in SLE patients.

Yersinia pestis detection by loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with magnetic bead capture of DNA

ABSTRACT We developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of Y. pestis by targeting the 3a sequence on chromosome. All 11 species of the genus Yersinia were used to evaluate the specificity of LAMP and PCR, demonstrating that the primers had a high level of specificity. The sensitivity of LAMP or PCR was 2.3 or 23 CFU for pure culture, whereas 2.3 × 104 or 2.3 × 106 CFU for simulated spleen and lung samples. For simulated liver samples, the sensitivity of LAMP was 2.3 × 106 CFU, but PCR was negative at the level of 2.3 × 107 CFU. After simulated spleen and lung samples were treated with magnetic beads, the sensitivity of LAMP or PCR was 2.3 × 103 or 2.3 × 106 CFU, whereas 2.3 × 105 or 2.3 × 107 CFU for magnetic bead-treated liver samples. These results indicated that some components in the tissues could inhibit LAMP and PCR, and liver tissue samples had a stronger inhibition to LAMP and PCR than spleen and lung tissue samples. LAMP has a higher sensitivity than PCR, and magnetic bead capture of DNAs could remarkably increase the sensitivity of LAMP. LAMP is a simple, rapid and sensitive assay suitable for application in the field or poverty areas.

Estudo em laboratório sobre a detecção do hábito alimentar para fases imaturas do carrapato Amblyomma cajennense (FABRICIUS, 1787) / Laboratory study on the detection of blood meal for immature stages of tick Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae)

O carrapato Amblyomma cajennense é o principal vetor da bactéria Rickettsia rickettsii, agente etiológico da febre maculosa brasileira (FMB). Os estágios imaturos destes artrópodes apresentam uma baixa especificidade para os hospedeiros, o que aumentam as chances de parasitismo em humanos. Nos anos de 2011 e 2012, a vigilância epidemiológica da FMB registrou 140 casos confirmados e letalidade de 50 por cento , a maior incidência desde a regulamentação da notificação compulsória no Estado de São Paulo, em 2001. Além disso, estudos indicam uma tendência de aumento de expansão geográfica e de número de casos da doença. A fim de aplicar medidas de controle para a FMB, a determinação de quais são os animais hospedeiros para as fases imaturas do carrapato é importante para identificar as fontes de infecção de bactérias. Entre a literatura científica não havia estudos sobre esse escopo para carrapatos da América do Sul. Neste estudo, uma abordagem para a detecção de hábito alimentar de A. cajennense foi padronizada. Resumidamente, as amostras de sangue foram coletadas a partir das seguintes espécies animais: frango, capivara, codorna, cavalo, cobaia, coelho, cachorro e um camundongo silvestre. Em seguida, o DNA foi extraído a partir destas amostras e, depois, testado para a amplificação por PCR utilizando-se três pares de diferentes oligonucleotídeos iniciadores para mamíferos, três para aves e cinco para os dois grupos de animais, além de oligonucleotídeos iniciadores específicos desenhados para roedores cricetídeos. Os genes alvos 12S rDNA, cyt b e COI resultou em positivo para a detecção de fragmentos de DNA. Por PCR foi testado posteriormente em laboratório repastos de carrapatos. Carrapatos adultos de A. cajennense que foram alimentados em coelhos quando larvas e ninfas tiveram o intestino extraído e processado para o isolamento de DNA que foi submetido à amplificação por PCR. Foi possível identificar a espécie hospedeira em 66,7 por cento dos carrapatos testados. O sequenciamento de DNA e a comparação das sequências consenso com todas as sequências do banco de dados (GenBank) permitiu a identificação em nível de espécie (coelho), com base em 98 por cento de similaridade

The tick Amblyomma cajennense is the main vector of the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii, the etiological agent of brazilian spotted fever (BSF). The subadult stages of this arthropod present a low specificity for hosts, which increases the chances of parasitism in humans. In the years of 2011 and 2012, the BSF epidemiological surveillance recorded 140 confirmed cases and 50 per cent case-letality rate, the highest incidence since the regulation of the compulsory notification in the State of São Paulo, in 2001. Furthermore, studies indicate an increase trend for geographical expansion and number of cases of the disease. In order to apply control measures for BSF, the determination of which is the vertebrate hosts for the immature stages of the tick is important to identify the sources of infection of bacteria. Among the scientific literature there was no studies on this scope for ticks of South America. In this study, it was standardized a approach for detection of feeding habits of A. cajennense. Briefly, blood samples were collected from the following animal species: chicken, capybara, quail, horse, guinea pig, rabbit, dog and a wild mouse. Then, DNA was extracted from these samples and afterwards tested for PCR amplification using three different pairs of primers for mammals, three for birds, and five for both groups of animals in addition to a specific designed primers for cricetidae rodents. The target gene 12S rDNA, cyt b and COI resulted in positive for detection of DNA fragments. PCR was tested thereafter on laboratory fed ticks. Adult A. cajennense ticks that were fed on rabbits as larvae and nymphs had the midguts extracted and processed for DNA isolation and underwent PCR amplification. It was possible to identify the host species on 66,7 per cent of tested ticks. The DNA sequencing and comparison of the consensus sequences of all the database sequences (GenBank) allowed the identification at the species level (rabbit), based on 98 per cent similarity